Ndinoyeuka ndichiri mwana, manheru echirimo mumaruwa, cicadas airira uye matatya akarira.Pandakasimudza musoro, ndakadhumana nenyeredzi dzakapenya.Nyeredzi imwe neimwe inopenya, yakasviba kana yakajeka, imwe neimwe ine runako rwayo.Iyo Milky Way ine mavara anoyerera yakanaka uye inomutsa fungidziro.

Pandakakura, uye ndakatarisa mudenga muguta, ndaigara ndakavharwa nehutsi hwehutsi uye ndakaona kuti ndakanga ndisingagoni kuona nyeredzi shomanana.Nyeredzi dzose dzakanyangarika here?

Nyeredzi dzave dziripo kwemazana emamiriyoni emakore, uye chiedza chadzo chakavharwa nekukura kwemaguta nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwechiedza.

Dambudziko rekusaona nyeredzi

Kare makore 4,300 apfuura, vanhu vekare vechiChinese vakanga vatokwanisa kuona mifananidzo uye nguva.Vaigona kuona denga rine nyeredzi neziso chairo, nokudaro vachisarudza mashoko 24 ezuva.

Asi sezvo kukura kwemaguta kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, vanhu vakawanda vanogara mumaguta vari kuona kuti nyeredzi dzinoita se“dzadonha” uye kupenya kwousiku kuri kunyangarika.

Dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwechiedza rakaiswa mberi nenharaunda yepasi rose yekuongorora nyeredzi muna 1930, nekuti kuvhenekera kwekunze kwemudhorobha kunoita kuti denga rivheneke, iro rine kukanganisa kukuru kwekutarisa kwenyeredzi, inozivikanwawo se "ruzha uye kusvibiswa kwechiedza", "kukuvara kwechiedza" uye "Kupindira kwechiedza", nezvimwewo, ndeimwe yemhando dzakapararira kwazvo dzekusvibisa munyika, iyo iri nyore kusateererwa.

Muna 2013, kuwedzera kwekupenya kwemarambi eguta reChinese kwakava dambudziko rakakura kwazvo rekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Vatsvakurudzi vanobva kuItaly, Germany, United States neIsrael iye zvino vakagadzira atlasi yakarurama zvikuru kusvika nhasi yemigumisiro yekusvibiswa kwechiedza pane imwe nyika iyo inopfuura 80 muzana yevanhu inoratidzirwa kune chiedza chekugadzira chemhando ipi zvayo, uye apo inoda kusvika 80. muzana yevanhu vari muEurope neUnited States havagoni kuona Milky Way.

Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevagari vepasi havachakwanisi kuona nyeredzi dzakajeka mudenga usiku nemhaka yokusvibiswa kwechiedza, maererano nokumwe kuongorora kwakabudiswa muScience Advances.

Mushumo wekuongorora wokuAmerica unoratidza kuti inenge 2/3 yevanhu venyika inorarama mukusvibiswa kwechiedza.Uyezve, kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nechiedza chakagadzirwa kuri kuwedzera gore negore, nekuwedzera kwegore negore kwe6% muGermany, 10% muItaly uye 12% muJapan.

Kurongeka kwekusvibiswa kwechiedza

Zviratidziro zvehusiku zvine mavara zvinoratidzira runako rwebudiriro yemaguta, uye chakavigwa munyika ino yakajeka ndiko kusvibiswa kwechiedza kusinganzwisisike.

Kusvibiswa kwechiedza ipfungwa ine hukama.Hazvirevi kuti kusvika paukoshi hwakakwana ndiko kusvibiswa kwechiedza.Mukugadzirwa kwezuva nezuva uye hupenyu, humwe huwandu hwechiedza hunodiwa kuti upinde mumaziso, asi kunze kweimwe chiyero, chiedza chakawandisa chinoita kuti tinzwe kusagadzikana kwekuona, uye kunyange kukonzera physiological adverse reactions, iyo inonzi "light pollution".

Kuratidzwa kwekusvibiswa kwechiedza kwakasiyana munguva dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinoti kupenya, kupindira kwechiedza uye chiedza chekupukunyuka chedenga.

Kupenya kunonyanya kukonzerwa nechiedza chezuva chinoratidzwa kubva pagirazi facade masikati, uye usiku, nemwenje zvigadziriso zvinokanganisa mabasa ekuona.Kupindira chiedza chiedza chinobva mudenga chinosvika pahwindo reimba yekutandarira.Uye chiedza chinobva kune chakagadzirwa sosi, kana chikaenda kudenga, tinochidaidza kuti sky astigmatism.

Pasi rose, kusvibiswa kwechiedza kwakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu, zvinoti, kusvibiswa kwechiedza chichena, zuva rekugadzira, kusvibiswa kwechiedza chemavara.

Kusvibiswa kwakachena kunonyanya kureva kuti zuva parinopenya zvakasimba, girazi rejira remadziro, rusvingo rwezvidhina rwakapenya, marble akakwenenzverwa uye machira akasiyana-siyana uye kumwe kushongedza kwezvivakwa muguta kunoratidza chiedza, izvo zvinoita kuti zvivako zvichena uye zvinopenya.

Artificial day, inoreva nzvimbo dzekutengesera, mahotera mushure mekudonha kwemwenje yekushambadzira yehusiku, neon mwenje inopenya, inopenya, imwe yakasimba mwenje inopenya kunyange yakananga mudenga, ichiita husiku semasikati, iro rinonzi zuva rekugadzira.

Kusvibiswa kwechiedza cheruvara kunonyanya kureva mwenje nhema, mwenje unotenderera, mwenje wefluorescent uye inopenya yemavara mwenje sosi yakaiswa munzvimbo dzevaraidzo inoumba kusvibiswa kwemavara.

*Ko kusvibiswa kwechiedza kunoreva hutano hwevanhu here?

Kusvibiswa kwechiedza kunonyanya kureva chiitiko chekuti kuwandisa kwemwaranzi yemaziso kunokonzera kukanganisa pakurarama kwevanhu uye nharaunda yekugadzira, inova yekusvibiswa kwechiedza.Kusvibiswa kwechiedza kwakajairika.Huripo muzvinhu zvose zvoupenyu hwomunhu uye hunokanganisa upenyu hwevanhu zvisinganyatsooneki.Kunyangwe kusvibiswa kwechiedza kwakatenderedza vanhu, vanhu vazhinji havasati vaziva nezvekuoma kwekusvibiswa kwechiedza uye kukanganisa kwekusvibiswa kwechiedza pahutano hwevanhu hwepanyama nepfungwa.

* Kukuvadza kwemaziso

Nekuvandudzwa kwekuvakwa kwemadhorobha uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, vanhu vakapotsa vazviisa mu "chiedza chakasimba uye chisina kusimba ruvara" "artificial visual environment".

Kuenzaniswa nechiedza chinooneka, kusvibiswa kwe infrared hakugone kuonekwa neziso rakashama, rinoratidzika muchimiro chekushisa kwemhepo, zviri nyore kukonzera kukuvara kwekushisa kwepamusoro.Infrared ray ine wavelength ye7500-13000 angstroms ine yakakwirira transmittance ku cornea, iyo inogona kupisa retina uye kukonzera cataract.Serudzi rwe electromagnetic wave, ultraviolet mwaranzi kazhinji inobva kuzuva.Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune ultraviolet mwaranzi kunokonzeresa kuunyana, kupisa kwezuva, cataracts, kenza yeganda, kukuvadzwa kwekuona uye kuderera kwekudzivirira.

*Kunovhiringidza kurara

Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakarara vakavhara maziso, chiedza chinogona kuramba chichipfuura nepakati pemaziso avo uye chinokanganisa kurara.Maererano nenhamba yake yekiriniki, inenge 5% -6% yekushaya hope inokonzerwa neruzha, chiedza uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakatipoteredza, izvo chiedza chinokonzera 10%.“Kana kushaya hope kukaitika, muviri hauwane kuzorora zvakakwana, izvo zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko akadzama ehutano.

* Kukonzera cancer

Zvidzidzo zvakabatanidza basa rekuchinja husiku nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwegomarara rezamu neprostate.

Mushumo wa2008 mumagazini yeInternational Chronobiology unotsinhira izvi.Masayendisiti akaongorora nharaunda 147 muIsrael uye akawana kuti vakadzi vane mwero wepamusoro wekusvibiswa kwechiedza vainyanya kuve nemukana wekuita kenza yemazamu.Chikonzero chinogona kunge chiri chekuti mwenje usiri wechisikigo unodzivirira immune system yemuviri wemunhu, unokanganisa kugadzirwa kwehomoni, endocrine balance inoparadzwa uye inotungamirira kugomarara.

* Gadzira manzwiro akashata

Zvidzidzo mumhando dzemhuka zvakaratidza kuti kana chiedza chisingadzivisiki, chinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa pamanzwiro uye kufunganya.Kana vanhu kwenguva refu pasi irradiation zviedza mavara, ayo mupfungwa kuunganidza kushanda, kuchaitawo kuneta uye kushaya simba, dzungu, neurasthenia uye zvimwe zvirwere zvemuviri uye zvepfungwa kune zvakasiyana-siyana.

* Nzira yekudzivirira sei kusvibiswa kwechiedza?

Kudzivirira uye kutonga kwekusvibiswa kwechiedza ipurojekiti yemagariro evanhu, inoda kubatanidzwa kwakazara uye kushanda pamwe chete kwehurumende, vagadziri uye vanhu.

Kubva pakuona kwekuronga kwemadhorobha, zvisungo zvekuvhenekesa chinhu chakakosha chekuisa miganhu inonzwisisika pakusvibiswa kwechiedza.Sezvo mhedzisiro yechiedza chekugadzira pane zvipenyu zvinoenderana nekusimba kwechiedza, spectrum, gwara rechiedza (sekupenya kwakananga kwenzvimbo yemwenje sosi uye kupararira kwekupenya kwedenga), zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuvhenekesa zvinoda kudzorwa mukugadzirira kuronga kwemwenje. , kusanganisira kusarudzwa kwechiedza chechiedza, marambi uye maitiro ekuvhenekera.

Vashoma vanhu munyika medu vanoziva kukuvadza kwekusvibiswa kwechiedza, saka hapana chiyero chakabatana mune izvi.Izvo zvinodikanwa kumisikidza tekinoroji zviyero zvekupenya kwenzvimbo nekukurumidza sezvinobvira.

Kuti tisangane nezvido zvevanhu zvemazuva ano zvekuvheneka kwemhando yepamusoro, tinokurudzira “chiedza chine hutano & mwenje wakangwara”, kusimudzira zvizere nharaunda yemwenje, uye nekupa ruzivo rwesevhisi yekuvhenekesa.

Chii chinonzi "healthy Lighting"?Ndiko kuti, chitubu chechiedza chiri pedyo nekuvhenekera kwechisikigo.Chiedza chakasununguka uye chakasikwa, uye funga zvizere tembiricha yemavara, kupenya, kuwirirana pakati pechiedza nemumvuri, kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwechiedza chebhuruu (R12), kuwedzera simba rehukama rechiedza chitsvuku (R9), kugadzira hutano, hwakachengeteka uye hwakasununguka. nharaunda yekuvhenekesa, kusangana nemanzwiro evanhu epfungwa, kukurudzira hutano hwemuviri uye hwepfungwa.

Apo vanhu vanofarikanya kubudirira kweguta, kwakaoma kutiza kushatiswa kwechiedza kuri kwose kwose.Vanhu vanofanira kunyatsonzwisisa kuipa kwekusvibiswa kwechiedza.Ivo havafanirwe kungotarisisa kunharaunda yavo yekugara, asiwo kudzivirira kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune mwenje kusvibiswa nharaunda.Kudzivirira uye kudzora kusvibiswa kwechiedza kunodawo kuedza kwemunhu wese, kubva kutsime kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwechiedza.